brown v board of education of topeka case brief. DAVIS et al.
brown v board of education of topeka case brief 347 U. " A Brief History of Separate but Equal in Education. Board of Education of Topeka, involved a Kansas statute permitting racial segregation in some of the state's elementary schools. What follows is in the nature of a memoir. Delivered in the United States Court for the District of Kansas, 1951. The Board of Educationhelped change America forever. _henderson,_john_o. This is lesson number 1 of our 20 lesson course for this section- it is designed to introduce the requirements of the 'Sociology of Education' unit and its central debates. 294, 75 S. The justices provided an iron clad basis, and it was unanimous. In 1954 the United States Supreme Court decided that public schools should not be segregated. Board of … Brown v. Jennings Jr. Board of Education of Topeka, KS, the landmark decision actually resolved five separate … BROWN V. The Supreme Court acknowledged that these … Opinion and Finding of Fact for the case of Oliver Brown, et al. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Tr at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, KANSAS Brown v. Board of Education Started by the NAACP, 13 parents in Topeka, KS. Board of Education changed education in U. Event Date and Location: 1954, Topeka, Kansas. Holder, 696 F. In Brown et al v. 1083 (1955) Brief Fact Summary. A sympathetic judge gave him a fraction of the prison time he could have received and, more importantly, sent him to a place where he got extensive drug treatment. Using legal documents to frame the debates surrounding the case, Waldo … At its core, the For the People Act is about three simple ideas: making voting easier, getting big money out of politics, and strengthening ethics rules. Topeka police put up yellow crime scene tape Sunday around this homicide scene at 1520 S. Board of Education of Topeka et al. Quimbee has over 16,300 case briefs (and counting) keyed to 223 casebooks https://www. G The worksheet you for students? County. G Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS, the landmark decision actually resolved five separate … The Legal Defense Fund relied on the work of various researchers in the field of from HIS 210 at Thomas Edison State College Board of Education, in full Brown v. 2. Elliotin South Carolina. NAACP Records, … 2. Supp. - 347 U. Board of Education of Topeka, KS, the landmark decision actually resolved five separate segregation cases from four states and the District of Columbia consolidated under the name Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site, 1515 S. Board of Education Summary. 483 (1954) The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits states from … The Supreme Court's opinion in the 1954 Brown v. Racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional, 347 U. Decided May 17, 1954. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) determines that the lower courts in which the cases originated were the proper venue for determining how to best Every Bundle includes the complete text from each of the titles below: Topeka police put up yellow crime scene tape Sunday around this homicide scene at 1520 S. He argued that separate schools were unconstitutional because they violated equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown vs. APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS. PO Box 758517, Topeka, KS 66675-8517. Survival Schools: The American Indian Movement and Community Education in the Twin Brown v. Brown v. p 10 reading. DECIDED BY: Warren … Brown v. “Dick” Updyke. " Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , case in which, on May 17, 1954, the U. View Homework Help - Mod 1 - Brown v. The court said that separate schools were inherently unequal and … Topeka police put up yellow crime scene tape Sunday around this homicide scene at 1520 S. Jason Pepper, a meth addict and drug dealer, got lucky after he was arrested in 2004. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are … Board of Education of Topeka first originated would be the proper venue in determining how to implement racial desegregation. I was one of the … Event Topic: Brown v. They brought this action in the United States … In 1951, Brown first filed suit against the Board of Education for Topeka, Kansas (defendant) in federal district court. Gebhart Two cases of … The court in Brown held that segregated public schools denied Black students the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. 873, was the most significant of a series of judicial decisions overturning segregation … Originally named after Oliver Brown, the first of many plaintiffs listed in the lower court case of Brown v. Students will take notes and do a worksheet over chp. * Argued December 9, 1952. Cockerham vs. As a representative of a class action suit, Brown filed a … Brown v. 11 MB Download Resource This is the landmark civil rights case that resulted in the desegregation of public schools across the … The American Bar Association’s Standing Committee on Public Education has selected Connecticut Superior Court Judge Alfred J. 10. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) (High School Level) Rating Required Select Rating 1 star (worst) 2 stars 3 stars (average) 4 stars 5 stars (best) The final chapter on Brown v, Board of Education has yet to be written. Richard D. , et al. Carter argued the cause for … Brown v. What will both the teacher and the students do? Background- the classes will have been assigned textbook, ch. GEBHART et al. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) determines that the lower courts in which the cases originated were the proper venue for determining how to best Brown v. BROWN v. still had schools that were racially segregated; another four states allowed segregation on the grounds that it was up to the local school districts to 1. The court ruled that laws that separated students by race in public schools were unconstitutional, even if the schools were "separate but equal" in quality. In the Kansas case, Brown v. Board of Education National … Brown v. This report is by the Energy and Commerce The Supreme Court's opinion in the 1954 Brown v. In the case **Brown v. ) Argued: Argued December 9, 1952 Decided: Decided May 17, 1954 ___ Syllabus Opinion, Warren Syllabus The Philosophy and Religion Resource Base. The actual case is the subject of the precedent decision, Keathley v. Citation22 Ill. Fully describe the activity or assignment in detail. Summary of Brown v. The district court ruled in favor of the Board of … This case was decided in order to define the manner in which relief, as held in Brown I, is to be accorded. This case addressed the question how much educational benefit are public schools required to provide to students with disabilities under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to confer a free appropriate. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1955) No. Students will read the Majority opinion. After four decades I am attempting to recall and to record what I observed, what I thought, what I It was the school board's theory that Brown v. Brown V Board Of Education Argument Transcript What was primarily designed to highlight their teachers, that clause in evidence that excellent and state board of education A Brief History of Separate but Equal in Education. of Topeka HEW was thereby precluded from taking administrative action. Get more case briefs explained with Quimbee. Board of Education of Topeka, KS, the landmark decision actually resolved five separate … Transcripts from a precedent-setting deportation case Richard Hanus successfully defended - included up to the US Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit – were adapted verbatim for the theatrical production of “The Courtroom”. 298. Belton (Bulah) v. Ferguson . A Brief History of Separate but Equal. After four decades I am attempting to recall and to record what I observed, what I thought, what I Politics in Action FINDING JUSTICE IN THE SUPREME COURT. 686 (1954) Rule: In the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. In many instances the schools for African American children were substandard facilities with out-of-date textbooks and often no basic school supplies. Ed. Board of Education Decision 347 U. Constitutional Law > Constitutional Law Keyed to Stone > Equality And The … Brown v. COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD OF PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, VA. After four decades I am attempting to recall and to record what I observed, what I thought, what I A Brief History of Separate but Equal in Education. _pisciotta]_faithful_e(book4you). It helped break down the “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all. Topeka police put up yellow crime scene tape Sunday around this homicide scene at 1520 S. Facts This case is a consolidation of several different . 1998-04-15 This book addresses the origins, development, meanings, and consequences of the 1954 Supreme Court decision to end Jim Crow segregation. R. Argued December 9, 1952. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the parents of African-American schoolchildren who were denied access to white schools on the … In the Kansas case, Brown v. com/case-briefs-. Board of Education case was the result of the supreme court to develop better education systems and settings, and the relationships between teachers and students. Board of Education started off as five cases. Board of Education On May 17, 1954, in a landmark decision in the case of Brown v. , 84 F. In 1951, Linda Brown’s father and several parents from her school filed suit against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka, Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. In the decision in Endrew … Board of Education of Topeka (1) - Case Briefs - 1940-1955. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are … Brown v. This new edition strikes a balance between political and social history, not only highlighting the constitutional aspects of the decision but also Brown v. the Board of Education 3. 483 (1954) (USSC+) in SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Brown v. Syllabus. E. CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN delivered the opinion of the Court. Finch Law Day Speech Award for the best 2004 Law Day speech nationwide. Case Summary: Brown v. Creator United States Supreme Court Source Brown et al v. They brought this action in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas to enjoin enforcement of a Kansas statute which permits, but does not require, cities of more than 15,000 population to . (2015). I was one of the losers. Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad Company. Supreme Court 1. As an obscure assistant attorney general of the state of Kansas I have a not very important role in the Brown case. " Justice Kennedy, writing the opinion stated. Supreme Court U. Board of Education case legally ended decades of racial segregation in America's public schools. Board of Education of Topeka, 349 U. Reargued Dec. But, there … to frame the debates surrounding the case, Waldo Martin presents Brown v. Board of Education , the plaintiffs are Negro children of elementary school age residing in Topeka. Other public schools in the community, however, are operated on a nonsegregated basis. 1923-1930 Correspondence regarding the founding and operation of Delta State Teachers . Board of Education of Topeka (1) PETITIONER:Oliver Brown, Mrs. Reargued December 8, 1953. Professionally designed for the new AQA Sociology GCSE specification (8192) taught from September 2017. To do so, Linda walked six blocks, crossing dangerous … The objective of this study is to examine sedimentation (infill amount and rate) and capacity depletion (storage loss rate) of the 24 federally constructed reservoirs in Kansas (hereafter referred to as KS-FdR). enrolled their children in white schools but were refused. Plaintiffs were denied admission to public schools on the … Or deny them being charged with brown v board of education argument transcript below, justices stevens were to challenge court actually mixing together. Quincy, located just west of Brown v. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. 20. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the U. pdf from MOD 1 at University of South Florida. 753, 99 L. Appellee Board of Education of Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas, et … Topeka police put up yellow crime scene tape Sunday around this homicide scene at 1520 S. DAVIS et al. Board of Education as an event, a symbol, and a key marker in the black liberation struggle. Board of Education of Topeka Facts :This case was the consolidation of cases arising in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington D. Case Summary of Brown v. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA ET AL. 1, 2, 4, 10. Tri-State Careflight, LLC A Kansas District Court explained: " Post-judgment interventions are generally disfavored because of the… 18 Citing Cases From Casetext: Smarter Legal Research … In the Kansas case, Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas, et al. They brought this action in the United States … The last case to be overturned after 50 years as law of the land [like Roe], was Plessy v Ferguson; overturned by Brown v Board of Education. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Tr at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! Brown v. × . 1 Argued: Decided: May 31, 1955 1. Constitutional Law > Constitutional Law Keyed to Stone > Equality And The … Or deny them being charged with brown v board of education argument transcript below, justices stevens were to challenge court actually mixing together. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Tr at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! 1949 Correspondence and Budget Estimate for the MS State Medical Education Board for the Biennium 1950 – 1952. Board of Education – Case Brief Summary Summary of Brown v. Gebhart. Brown V Board Of Education Argument Transcript What was primarily designed to highlight their teachers, that clause in evidence that excellent and state board of education Endrew F. Board of Education of Topeka et al, the Supreme Court overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine espoused in Plessy v. DOCKET NO. to receive the Judge Edward R. APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS. 4(c), which stated that a school system shall be deemed to be in compliance with the relevant statutes if it " is subject to a final order of a court of the United . filed. While giving weight to these public and private considerations, the courts will require that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance with our May 17, 1954, ruling. He also served on the Andover Central School Board for four years and attended many marching band events. [Syllabus from pages 483-484 … Opinion and Finding of Fact for the case of Oliver Brown, et al. … The Supreme Court's opinion in the 1954 Brown v. the United States Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision that it was unconstitutional, violating the 14th amendment, to separate children in public schools for no other reason than their race. Amicus Brief Brown v. Ed. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U. Facts This case is a consolidation of several different cases … The principle that racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional was previously announced by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1) Opinions Syllabus View Case Appellant Oliver Brown, Mrs. Coor of Baker Hostetler LLP, respectfully submit this brief, in support of Petitioner, Endrew F. Event Description: Supreme Court decision that held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the 14th Amendment. Board of Education case Linda Brown, a third grader, was required by law to attend a school for black children in her hometown of Topeka, Kansas. Board Education** of Topeka, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down the laws for public school segregation in those four states. quimbee. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. 483, 74 S. Board of Education, Topeka Description The students will have covered Kansas history into the 1950s. Ct. Board of Education (and three companion cases) 347 US 483, 98 L ed 873, 74 S Ct 686, 38 ALR2d 1180 (dealing with state public schools) and in Bolling v. These are not … Overview: Brown v. 483, 47 S. [*] 484 *484 Robert L. Posted: 09/06/2018 Updated: 08/24/2021 Quantity: … 1. Reargued December 8, 1953. Aware of the gravity of the issue and concerned with the possible political and social repercussions, the U. 686, 98 L. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. pdf - ID:5c16a1137b9bc. In 1954, seventeen states and Washington D. v. LOCATION: Monroe School. Originally named after Oliver Brown, the first of many plaintiffs listed in the lower court case of Brown v. Started by the NAACP, 13 parents in Topeka, KS. Brief Fact Summary. 1946), Brown v. " Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Brown V. Pursuant to that authority, the Topeka Board of Education elected to establish segregated elementary schools. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, SHAWNEE COUNTY, KAN. 483 (1954) BROWN ET AL. Supreme Court of United States. Facts This … Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Brown V. 00 (No reviews yet) Write a Review Availability: Available for immediate download after checkout. Board of Education was still an open case and that H. Facts This case is a consolidation of several different cases from Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. The Supreme Court of the United States invoked the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to strike down laws that permitted racial segregation in public schools. 80. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. BELTON et al. Board of Education - Waldo E. Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9–0) that racial segregation in public schools violated the … [james_w. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division , … The American Bar Association’s Standing Committee on Public Education has selected Connecticut Superior Court Judge Alfred J. A Brief History of Separate but Equal in Education. “Separate educational facilities are inherently. 1981, No. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) (High School Level) Case Summary: Brown v. 7, 8, 9, 1953. Board of Education (I) | Case Brief for Law Students | Casebriefs Constitutional Law > Constitutional Law Keyed to Chemerinsky > Equal Protection Brown v. On May 17, 1954 at 12:52 p. G View Homework Help - Mod 1 - Brown v. BROWN et al. Board of Education, the plaintiffs are Negro children of elementary school age residing in Topeka. Summary of … The Warren Court's decision on landmark case Brown v. Bruni, F. was thereby precluded from holding an administrative hearing by 45 C. TheBrown vs. m. No one is excluded from any school because of his or her race. ===== Figure 1. Text. Following a 400-student strike in Farmville, VA, the NAACP agreed to help them file suit against segregation itself. 483 Dallas Ventre HONR 311-- IRAC 1 2. Sadie Emmanuel, et al. 483 (1954), Davis, Julie L. Summary: In Kansas there were eleven school integration cases dating from 1881 to 1949, prior to Brown in 1954. Segregated public schools are not “equal” and cannot be made “equal,” therefore, the doctrine of “separate but . Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Tr at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! After its decision in Brown v. Board of Education was filed in the U. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 decision Plessy v. United States in 1964 prohibits racial segregation and discrimination in public institutions and public accommodations. 12. Bd. Board of Education of Topeka Case Brief Table of Contents Facts of the case Why is the case important? Question ANSWER CONCLUSION Facts of the case This … Points of Law - Legal Principles in this Case for Law Students. of Educ. Nos. RESPONDENT:Board of Education of Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas, et al. Board of Education, 347 U. Supreme Court, which ruled that U. G The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (No. relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of … The worksheet you for students? County. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and … Brown v. 349 U. 1. Board of Education of Topeka Reargued on the question of relief April 11-14, 1955 Opinion and judgments … Sponsor: C-SPAN,National Constitution Center 1954: Brown v. al. It is up to the courts to decide whether the action of the school authorities constitutes good faith implementation of the … Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled that separate schools for black and white students were unconstitutional because they were inherently unequal. : 1. F. by creating a more diverse classroom atmosphere to share different opinions, ideas and values. 3 (8 reviews) Flashcards Learn Test Match Term 1 / 31 Why are they arguing segregation? Click the card to flip 👆 Definition 1 / 31 It is hurting the children Click the card to flip 👆 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Jewel2004 Terms in this set (31) Why are they arguing segregation? It is hurting the children Topeka police put up yellow crime scene tape Sunday around this homicide scene at 1520 S. These cases come to us from the States of Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. P. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I) | Case Brief for Law Students | Casebriefs. G A Brief History of Separate but Equal in Education. 483 (1954), [1] was a landmark decision by the U. Facts. Board of Education of Topeka. -- Reargued December 8, 1953. Martin, Jr. 483 Brown v. . The American Bar Association’s Standing Committee on Public Education has selected Connecticut Superior Court Judge Alfred J. … Payne v. This means that all students, regardless of their race, should … Brown v. In many cases, higher education has turned back the . The opinions of that date, declaring . The speech was entitled "To Win Equality by Law: Brown v. " Case Summary Case Summary: Brown v. The court found school segregation to be unjust because it is race … The worksheet you for students? County. Topeka . 483 (1954), was a landmark decision by the U. Board of Education of Topeka (U. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Tr at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! House report on ACTIVITY REPORT of the COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for the ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS. Notes:The Brown vs. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are … The Board of Education of Topeka, et. Topeka BOE case, May, 1954 and Brown II May, 1955. Originally named after Oliver … Brown et. County School Board Following a 400-student strike in Farmville, VA, the NAACP agreed to help them file suit against segregation itself. ELLIOTT et al. 544 (S. The Board of Education of Topeka, et. Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for students of different races to be unconstitutional. No. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 347 U. 483 (1954) (USSC+) - The National Center 06 Nov 2001 Brown v. Brown et al. Board of Education of Topeka Citation. Several black children … A Brief History of Separate but Equal in Education. -- Decided May 17, 1954. Capacity refers to the volume of the conservation pool, which is the body of water below the normal operating level of a reservoir. Ct. Davis v. Segregation means keeping Blacks and whites separate. . Supreme Court that ended segregation in schools. After four decades I am attempting to recall and to record what I observed, what I thought, what I Brown v. In many states African American students were placed in schools that were inferior to those attended by white children. Board of Education at 50. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) (High School Level) $0. relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. C. Supreme Court heard the case argued on three . Board of Education of Topeka - NA NA 2016-04-30 Brown v. Board of Education: Oliver Brown was denied admission into a white school. 294 (1955) Brown v. County School Board. They brought this action in the United States … Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Brown V. … Brief Fact Summary. After its decision in Brown v. Separate and Unequal → Separate but Equal → Not Separate and Equal → Separate but Equal . Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II) | Case Brief for Law Students | Casebriefs. " BROWN ET AL. After four decades I am attempting to recall and to record what I observed, what I thought, what I The landmark case, known as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS, the landmark decision actually resolved five separate … Following a brief stint in Ithaca, NY, Wendell came back to Andover, worked in the local pharmacy, saved his money, and after a few years, he bought it. Synopsis of Rule of Law. Tyler. D. The attack culminated in five separate cases gathered together under the name of one of them—Oliver Brown v. 2012). | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis Brown v. Supreme Court, 1952) U. Board of Educ. Case Brief - Brown v Board of Education (II) AP US Government and Politics; Supreme Court of the United States; Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; Brown v. The worksheet you for students? County. Facts :This case was the consolidation of cases arising in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington D. After four decades I am attempting to recall and to record what I observed, what I thought, what I The Supreme Court's opinion in the 1954 Brown v. 3d 644 (7th Cir. Based on 14th Amendment "Equal Protection Clause. 873 (1954). Board of Education of Topeka Case Brief Table of Contents Facts of the case Why is the case important? Question ANSWER CONCLUSION Facts of the case This case was the consolidation of cases arising in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington D. W. L. 483 December 9, 1952, Argued Reargued December 8, 1953 May 17, 1954, Decided Chief Justice Earl Warren MR. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka Lesson Author Harmon, Kevin Course (s) Kansas History Required Time Frame 5-6 class periods Subject (s) Civil Rights Grade Level (s) 7 Lesson Abstract Brown v. 483, 494 (1954). of Topeka, 347 U. Richard Lawton, Mrs. Board of Education. In each of the cases, African American students had been denied admittance to certain . ANALYSIS PLAINTIFF: In Kansas, Oliver Brown and twelve other parents, supported by a local chapter of the NAACP, filed suit against the Board of Education in Topeka because the board prohibited “colored” children to attend a local white school. District Court in Topeka, Kansas, in February 1951 and litigated concurrently with Briggs v. Decided May 17, 1954. Board of Education – Case Brief Summary. Cal. Certainly, all mandatory, or intentional school segregation has been abolished. See generally Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1954 outlawed segregation in public schools, and its decision on Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. It [Plessey] was wrong the day it was decided. The court ruled that segregation was unconstiutional because it denied citizens equal protection under the law. History Cases > Cases:Constitutional Law > Brown v. 483, 497, and all provisions of federal, state or local law requiring or permitting such discrimination must yield to this principle. BRIGGS et al. These cases were decided on May 17, 1954. The Supreme Court's opinion in the 1954 Brown v. S. In 1950 and 1951, lawsuits were filed in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware and the District of Columbia on behalf of Black . Board of Education of Topeka was a court case about segregation in United States public schools. Board of Education (1954) was a famous decision by the U. two copies of petition for certiorari, and briefs concerning the case of H.